Planting Food Plots for Whitetail Deer That Actually Work

Whitetail deer are actually what biologists call "concentrate selectors." This means they're choosy eaters, selecting the most nutritious parts of a wide variety of plants. They're browsers, not grazers, and their diet can include leaves, twigs, fruits, nuts, and even mushrooms.

Understanding how a deer's nutritional needs change throughout the year can help us better manage their habitat and improve our hunting strategies.

Spring

1. High protein requirements for antler growth and fawn development

As the days grow longer and temperatures rise, bucks begin the energy-intensive process of growing new antlers. At the same time, does are in the late stages of pregnancy or beginning to nurse fawns. Both of these activities require a lot of protein. During this time, deer seek out new growth rich in protein, such as fresh forbs and the tender leaves of woody plants.

2. Preferred food sources rich in protein

Some protein-rich food sources that deer favor in spring include clover, alfalfa, and the new growth on trees and shrubs. They'll also happily munch on agricultural crops like soybeans if available.

Summer

1. Continued need for protein and increased water intake

As summer progresses, protein remains important, especially for lactating does and growing fawns. The heat also increases deer's water needs, so they often seek out succulent plants that provide both nutrition and moisture.

2. Shift towards higher carbohydrate intake as fall approaches

Towards the end of summer, deer begin to shift their diet. They start to consume more carbohydrates to build up fat reserves for the coming winter. This is when you might see them venturing more frequently into agricultural fields or oak stands as acorns begin to drop.

Fall & Winter

In both seasons, bucks prioritize high-energy, carbohydrate-rich foods to support their intense fall activities and winter survival. This dietary focus helps them maintain body condition through the harsh winter months.

While corn and soybeans dominate the agricultural landscape and deer hunters' minds, several other crops can be just as attractive, if not more so, to whitetails. These underrated agricultural crops offer excellent nutrition and can be a game-changer for both farmers and hunters.

Alfalfa

Often overlooked in favor of more common food plot options, alfalfa is a protein powerhouse that deer absolutely love. This perennial legume can provide up to 25% protein content, making it an ideal food source throughout much of the year. Deer will feed on alfalfa from spring green-up all the way through late fall, and in some cases, even into winter.

What makes alfalfa particularly valuable is its drought resistance and ability to regrow quickly after being browsed. This means it can provide a consistent food source even when other plants are struggling. For hunters, an alfalfa field can be an excellent place to set up, especially during early bow seasons when deer are patternable and still focused on feeding.

Canola

Canola, primarily grown for its oil-rich seeds, is another crop that deer find irresistible. The leaves of canola plants are highly palatable to deer, especially in the fall and winter when other food sources become scarce. Canola provides a good balance of protein and carbohydrates, helping deer maintain their body condition as they enter the breeding season and prepare for winter.

One advantage of canola is that it can withstand heavy browsing and still produce a crop, making it a win-win for both farmers and wildlife enthusiasts. Hunters who have access to canola fields often report consistent deer activity throughout the hunting season.

Milo (Grain Sorghum)

Milo, also known as grain sorghum, is a crop that's gaining popularity among deer managers. This drought-tolerant grain provides excellent nutrition for deer, especially in late summer and fall when the seedheads mature. Milo offers a good source of carbohydrates, helping deer build up fat reserves for the winter.

What sets milo apart is its ability to stand up well in harsh weather conditions. Unlike corn, which can be flattened by strong winds, milo tends to remain upright, providing accessible food even after heavy storms. This characteristic makes it an excellent late-season food source when other crops might be depleted or difficult for deer to access.

While clover and brassicas often dominate food plot discussions, there's a world of underutilized plants that can significantly enhance your deer management strategy. These overlooked options can provide excellent nutrition, attract deer at different times of the year, and offer variety in your food plot program.

Alyce Clover

Despite its name, Alyce clover isn't a true clover but a warm-season annual legume. It's highly palatable to deer and provides excellent protein content, typically ranging from 15-20%. Alyce clover thrives in the heat of summer when other food sources may be struggling, making it an invaluable addition to your food plot repertoire.

One of the advantages of Alyce clover is its ability to reseed itself, potentially reducing planting costs in subsequent years. It's also relatively drought-tolerant once established, ensuring a food source even during dry spells.

Beets

Often overshadowed by turnips in the brassica family, beets can be an excellent addition to your food plot. Deer will feed on both the leafy tops and the nutrient-rich roots. Beets are particularly valuable as a late-season food source, as the roots remain available even after the tops have been consumed or frost-killed.

Beets are high in sugar content, making them highly attractive to deer. They're also packed with nutrients, providing a good balance of carbohydrates and minerals that deer need to maintain body condition through the winter months.

Buckwheat

Buckwheat is a fast-growing, warm-season annual that can provide a quick food source for deer. It's an excellent choice for filling gaps in your food plot program or as a soil-improving crop between other plantings. Deer will browse on buckwheat throughout its growth cycle, from tender young shoots to mature seeds.

One of buckwheat's strengths is its ability to grow in poor soil conditions where other crops might struggle. It's also known for its ability to suppress weeds, which can be beneficial in preparing an area for future food plots.

Cereal Rye

While often used as a cover crop, cereal rye can be an excellent food source for deer. It's one of the most cold-tolerant cereal grains, providing green forage well into winter in many areas. Deer will feed on rye from fall through spring, making it a valuable addition to any food plot program.

Cereal rye is also known for its ability to improve soil health, making it a dual-purpose crop for land managers. Its deep root system helps prevent soil erosion and can break up compacted soils.

Cowpeas and Iron Clay Peas

These warm-season legumes are excellent sources of protein and highly attractive to deer. Both cowpeas and iron clay peas are drought-tolerant and can thrive in a variety of soil conditions. Deer will feed on the leaves throughout the growing season and consume the protein-rich pods in late summer and fall.

These peas are also nitrogen-fixers, improving soil fertility for future plantings. They can be excellent choices for areas with poor soil or as part of a rotation to improve overall soil health.

Winter Peas

Austrian winter peas and other cold-tolerant pea varieties can provide an excellent late-season food source for deer. They're high in protein and remain palatable even after frost, making them valuable for maintaining deer health through the winter months.

Winter peas can be planted in late summer or early fall, providing forage through winter and into early spring. They're often used in mixes with cereal grains like wheat or oats, creating a diverse and nutritious food plot.

While food plots and agricultural crops play a significant role in deer management, it's crucial not to overlook the importance of natural food sources. These native plants have sustained deer populations for millennia and continue to be vital components of their diet. Understanding and managing these natural food sources can greatly enhance your property's appeal to deer.

Hard Mast

When we think of hard mast, acorns often come to mind first. While acorns are indeed a crucial food source, there are other hard mast options that deserve attention:

• Chestnuts: Once a staple food source for wildlife in the eastern United States, chestnut trees were nearly wiped out by blight in the early 20th century. However, blight-resistant varieties are now available and can provide an excellent food source for deer. Chestnuts are high in carbohydrates and lower in tannins than acorns, making them highly palatable.
• Hickory Nuts: Various species of hickory trees produce nuts that are relished by deer. While not as preferred as acorns or chestnuts, hickory nuts can be an important food source, especially in years when acorn production is low.
• Beechnuts: The small, triangular nuts of the American beech tree are another favorite of whitetails. Beech trees don't produce consistently every year, but in good mast years, they can be a significant attraction for deer.

Soft Mast

Soft mast can be a critical food source, especially in late summer and early fall when deer are building up fat reserves for winter. Some underappreciated soft mast sources include:

• Persimmons: The fruits of the persimmon tree are highly sought after by deer. They typically ripen in the fall, providing a sweet, energy-rich food source just when deer need it most.
• Wild Grapes: Various species of wild grapes can be found throughout deer country. The fruit and leaves are both consumed by deer, with the fruit providing a good source of quick energy.
• Crabapples: Both native and cultivated varieties of crabapples can be excellent deer attractants. The small, tart fruits are often available into late fall and even early winter in some areas.

Trees, Shrubs, and Weeds

Many trees, shrubs, and even plants often considered "weeds" can be important food sources for deer:

• Sumac: The fuzzy fruit clusters of sumac species remain available well into winter and are often utilized by deer when other food sources are scarce.
• Greenbrier: This thorny vine is a favorite browse for deer, especially in winter. Its leaves remain green year-round in many areas, providing a source of nutrition when other plants have gone dormant.
• Pokeweed: Often considered a weed, pokeweed can be an important food source for deer. They'll consume the leaves in spring and summer and the berries in late summer and fall.
• Japanese Honeysuckle: While it's considered an invasive species in many areas, Japanese honeysuckle is highly preferred by deer. Its leaves remain green well into winter in many regions, providing a valuable food source during lean times.

Grasses and Cereal Grains

While deer are not primarily grazers, certain grasses and cereal grains can be important components of their diet:

• Native Warm-Season Grasses: Species like big bluestem, indiangrass, and switchgrass can provide both food and cover for deer. While mature grasses are not highly preferred, deer will consume new growth and seed heads.
• Wheat and Oats: These cereal grains, when left standing in agricultural fields or planted in food plots, can provide valuable nutrition through fall and winter. Deer will consume both the green leaves and the grain heads.

Now that we've explored a variety of underrated agricultural crops, food plot options, and natural food sources, it's crucial to understand why offering such diversity is beneficial for both deer and hunters.

Benefits for Deer Health and Habitat

• Nutritional Balance: Different plants provide varying nutrients. By offering a diverse array of food sources, you ensure that deer have access to a complete nutritional profile throughout the year. This balanced diet supports better overall health, improved antler growth, and increased fawn survival rates.
• Year-Round Availability: Different plants thrive and produce food at various times of the year. A diverse habitat ensures that quality food is available in all seasons, helping deer maintain good body condition even during stress periods like late winter or drought.
• Reduced Competition: With more food options available, deer can spread out across the habitat. This reduces competition at any single food source, allowing more deer to access quality nutrition.
• Ecosystem Health: A diverse plant community supports not just deer, but a wide range of wildlife species. This creates a more resilient and balanced ecosystem, which is ultimately beneficial for the deer population.

• Extended Hunting Opportunities: Different food sources become attractive at various times of the year. By offering diversity, you create multiple hotspots across your property, extending your effective hunting season.
• Predictable Patterns: Understanding which food sources are most attractive at different times allows you to predict deer movement more accurately. This knowledge can be crucial for stand placement and hunting strategy.
• Attraction Power: Unique or less common food sources can act as major deer attractants, especially if they're not widely available in neighboring areas. This can help hold deer on your property and potentially attract deer from surrounding lands.
• Adaptability: With diverse food sources, you're better prepared for the unpredictability of nature. If one food source fails due to weather or other factors, others are likely to still be available.